ID: 2
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Crucifixion-like lingchi (with breast tortures, mostly)
Information: One of the most frequently reproduced model represented a convict, most of the time a woman, tyed on a pole similar to the Christian cross, and having his breast tortured as a preliminary to dismemberment. The model might have been provided by Christian iconography, for instance the "Martyrdom of St Agatha", who had her nipples cut by tortioners. Christian cross can also be found on crucifixion-like stranguation and decapitation. Variations include tortioners handling a kind of screen against blood pollution, and starting disembowelment instead of (or joined to?) breast wounds.

ID: 6
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Lingchi photographs replicated in mass media
Information: Fu-zhu-li's execution by lingchi was widely diffused by media: examples of the replication of three shots as a book cover by Carpeaux (see covers), as illustration by Carpeaux and Matignon, and as postcards in the serials of 12 numbered "Supplices chinois", published in Tianjin by a mysterious "Lieou-sseu" (very likely 六四, that is the 4th of June?).

ID: 17
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Tribunals in China (litigants under court)
Information: A standard representation, generally opening watercolors album specialised in punihments. Traditional views, inspired from opera works, give shape slowly to modern, "realistic" representations.

ID: 18
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Prisoners on bench
Information: A standard view of watercolor albums, hardly evidenced in real life?

ID: 21
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Kneeling for beheading
Information: A standard view in watercolor albums, with many variations

ID: 23
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Dead man walk (basket)
Information: This current view of convicts brought to the execution field in baskets is confirmed by eyewitnesses' written testimony. Photographs show people walking, or carried by chart, to their death, but no basket.

ID: 25
Ressource_Provider: Miss Turandot
Title: Cut at the waist 腰斬
Information: A cruel punishment of the antiquity, abolished under the Sui and Tang, which was periodically revived under the Song and the Ming, cutting at the waist left a vivid remembering in popular literature and drama, where it was commonly associated with the popular figure of Judge Bao. He is here represented at the time he orders a young lady to be brought to the zha guillotine (see Vincent Durand-Dastès' Essay). The export watercolor made it a familiar image for Westerners, who were unable to discriminate this fictive image from punishments really in force at their time in China — the caption in the French journal reads: "the cruel punishment of flaying alive. From a picture of the Ming period", thus confusing cutting at the waist, flaying alive, and other punihsments of the past, with the lingchi still in force till 1905.

ID: 28
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Crucifixion-like strangulation
Information: This common way of representing the punishment of strangulation (jiao 絞) is likely to proceed from iconographic models than from real practice. More realistic views show, and some photographs, show that the various poles used with the garrote were not shaped like the Christian cross. The same model might have inspired these images, and the crucifixion-like decapitations or lingchi.

ID: 31
Ressource_Provider: Miss Turandot
Title: Heads in cages
Information: Two kinds of pictures representing Exposure of the head, 梟示, which was an irregular punishment (runxing 閏刑), as it was not listed among the Five regular penalties (wuxing 五刑). A Criminal's head was left for up to two weeks in a wooden cage on a public place; the family was often allowed to redeem the to be buried with the corpse.

ID: 32
Ressource_Provider: Miss Turandot
Title: Chinese Cangue
Information: Three representation of the Chinese cangue made on a same model, reworked by Western arists. The Chinese characters of the original have been scrupulously reproduced, very likely by a Chinese hand. The 2nd and 3rd image might be Chinese copy of the 1st, produced by the collaboration of Cantonese Pu-quà workshop and the British engraver Dadley (see the spoon and bowl, figuring the impediment to self feeding that the cangue was supposed to cause).

ID: 36
Ressource_Provider: Miss Turandot
Title: Vietnamese cangue
Information: The Vietnamese cangue is made of wood, but is lighter than the Chinese one. Its rectangular shape allow the condemned to feed himself.

ID: 37
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Dead man walk (parade)
Information: a standard image, oft-reproduceD by Canton workshops, altogether with the walk to death in a basket

ID: 38
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Cage bed
Information: Images of the "cage-bed", an illegal device according to the Huidian shili 會典事例. It is a theme widely pictured, but it is hard to know how frequently used it really was.

ID: 39
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Beating: bamboo
Information: Two slightly different model in the representation of beating with bamboo. The Chinese watercolor, even made for exportation, are more faithful to reality than the 3rd picture, reworked by the British engraver Dadley, who prudishly slipped a trouser on the convict's legs!

ID: 40
Ressource_Provider: Jérôme Bourgon
Title: Tyed on a bed
Information: Images built on the same three models , representing an iron bed to which prisoners are tyed by their neck. The existence of three original models can be deduced from similarities in posture (fold arm or legs), the general orientation and details. The connection with possible real devices is far from direct.